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Independence
War:
On 16th
May 1919 Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul on
the boat called Bandirma and arrived in Samsun on 19th
May 1919 this is the first step of the
independence war of the Turks with the commander Mustafa
Kemal. On 22nd June 1919
with the notice of Amasya the National Defense started by
Ataturk's signature in practice. On 16th
March 1920 Istanbul was completely conquered by
the Annihilation States. Mustafa Kemal after the
conquer of Istanbul commanded to choose new
parliamentarians for the parliament who would meet on 23rd
April 1920 and in a very short time it took the
control against the enemy. Town by town Anatolia was
cleaned off the enemy with the help of Mustafa Kemal's
soldiers. On 2/3 December 1920
Armenians with the Agreement of Gumru left Ardahan and
Artvin, On 12th February 1920
the French left Maras and on 11th April Urfa, with the
Agreement of Ankara they left Adana, Mersin, Gaziantep,
the Greeks left Bursa with the First Inonu War on 11th
January 1921. The victory of the Independence
War was not only achieved by the Turkish soldiers and Mustafa
Kemal but also by the Turkish People who directly or
indirectly joined in the war by helping the army with food
and clothes apart from carrying the ammunition. With the
30th August Victory Kutahya was rescued from the Greeks.
On 1st September 1922 Usak,
2nd September Eskisehir, 3rd September Nazilli, Simay,
Salihli, Alasehir and Gordes, on 6th September Balikesir
and Bilecik, 7th September Aydin, 8th September Manisa,
9th September 1922 Izmir was cleared off the enemy by the
Turkish Soldiers.
Ataturk's
Principles:
Republicanism:
In
Republican regimes
both the rulers and the ruled are very important. The
first reason is that both have to be honest. In this
regime honesty has a crucial importance and the relations
between these two has an important role too because then
the republic can protect itself against the interior and
exterior enemies. This relation must be limited with the
principles of the republican
regime and must not be overrun because if it was then
there occurred a gap between the nation and the republic.
In the countries which adopt the regime of Republic
freedom is limited with the rules of democracy which are
the laws. With this brief explanation, according to
Ataturk the Republic,
which was proclaimed on 29th October 1923, should be based
on secular principles, the new state of Republic should be
protected by the law system. The new generation of this
new system which would be protected by law should be
educated by the broad-minded teachers who knew the value
of independence and freedom. Every illogical remaining
from the empire period would be demolished and the
foundations of the Republic
would be based on positive sciences. Ataturk was aware
that, a population without knowledge and consciousness may
not have the right to be a nation, a nation would possess
rights and laws in a ratio based on the level of his
consciousness. That was the reason of culture - which was
the basic essential of a republic - and training.
According to Ataturk apart from protecting the republic
what one must do first of all was deserving it! And
education is the key element to understand the value of
republic and trying to deserve it. That is why the new
generation of Ataturk should be given a contemporary
education which will lead to understanding the importance
of the new regime.
Nationalism:
Ataturk,
with founding the new state as well as its regime, he made
the Turks change into a nation
from a religious community. According to him every
revolution would be achieved with the nation
but not despite the nation,
every novelty would exist eternally only if it adapted by
the nation. According to his nationalism,
whoever identified himself as a Turk within the borders of
the country represents the Turkish Nation.
Populism:
Without
any class, was based on a society!
State
Control:
Ataturk
says: " The state rule which we follow is based on
individual diligence and efforts but at the same time on
the subjects relevantly tied up to high and public
advantages of the nation. Especially in economic fields
practically state should be involved to overview economic
measures. These two terms of Populism and State
Control equals today's terminology of Social
Justice and State which are terms many of today's modern
democracies are based on."
Secularism:
This
is the separation of religious affairs and state work.
Ataturk was never an opponent of religion, in contrary he
believed it was necessary for the society however when it
was the question of replacing it with law, logic and
mentality then he was against it. He was opposed to
merchants of religion, fundamentalists and those who
wanted to rule the public with superstitions. Religion,
according to him had to be kept in the one's conscience
which was a holy concept. On 31st
January 1923 he said: "Our religion is a
most natural and logical one and it is for this reason
that it is the last of religions. In order for a religion
to be natural it must co-exist with science, knowledge and
logic. Our religion completely complies with these
prerequisites. Above, we defined that secularity is the
separation of State and religious affairs but this does
not mean that everybody can do everything about religion
without the interference of the State. Moreover, State
power may be used for any belief system. In this case the
freedom of conscience will be obliterated for believers
and non-believers."
Progressivism:
According
to him progressivism could be achieved by walking on a
path illuminated with the light of science.
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